روش تحقیق تا اسلاید 50

The questions about any profession can be

considered from four different perspectives

The research process:

– Is being undertaken within a framework of a set

of philosophies;

– Uses procedures, methods and techniques that

have been tested for their validity and

reliability;

– Is designed to be unbiased and objective

Controlled

Rigorous

Systematic

Valid and verifiable

Empirical (Conclusions must be based on hard evidence collected

from real-life experiences or observation)

Critical scrutiny (the process of investigation must be

foolproof and free from any drawbacks)

– Identifying the problem

– Formulating a hypothesis

– Developing the research plan

– Collecting and analyzing the data

– Interpreting results and forming conclusions

Research method & methodology

Research methods: All those

methods/techniques that are used for

conduction of research.

Research methods or techniques, thus, refer

to the methods the researchers use in

performing research operations.

Research method & methodology

Research methodology is a way to

systematically solve the research problem.

It may be understood as a science of

studying how research is done scientifically.

 Thus, when we talk of research methodology we not only

talk of the research methods but also consider the logic

behind the methods we use in the context of our research

study and explain why we are using a particular method or

technique and why we are not using others.

Types of research

Research can be classified from three

perspectives:

1. Application of the research study

2. Objectives in undertaking the research

3. Inquiry mode employed

Explanatory research -3 تحقیق تبیینی

- It attempts to clarify why and how there is a

relationship between two aspects of a situation or

phenomenon.

- How technology affects unemployment?

Although, theoretically, a research study can be

classified in one of the mentioned perspectives, in

practice most studies are a combination of the

three categories (descriptive, correlational and

explanatory research.

In general, there are two approaches to find

answers to your research questions:

1- The structured approach (quantitative research):

everything (objectives, design, sample, …) is predetermined.

More appropriate to determine the extent of a problem, issue

or phenomenon.

(positivism) " "اثبات گر

2- The unstructured approach (qualitative research): it allows

flexibility in all aspects of the process. More appropriate to

explore its nature. ) " پسا اثبات گرا »post positivism

The choice of a quantitative or qualitative mode of inquiry,

should depend upon:

1. Aim of your inquiry- exploration, confirmation or

quantification.

2. Use of the findings-policy formulation or process

understanding.

Different Ways of Looking at Things

Quantitative

– Positivistic

– Epistemological basis is Realism

– Dates to the Age of Enlightenment

Qualitative

– Naturalistic (Post-Positivistic)

– Epistemological basis is Idealism

– Dates informally to prehistoric times

Formally to ancient Greece

QUANTITATIVE

– Hypothesis: All beans

are alike.

– NULL: No beans are

different.

– Method: Count the

beans.

 QUALITATIVE

– Question: What is a

bean? What does it

mean to be a bean?

– Method: Examine

beanness” in the field.

QUANTITATIVE

– to explain and predict

– to test, confirm, and

validate theory

 QUALITATIVE

– to describe and explain

– to explore and interpret

– to build theory

QUANTITATIVE

– focused

– deals with known

variables

– uses established

guidelines

– static designs; contextfree;

objective

 QUALITATIVE

– holistic approach

– unknown variables

– flexible guidelines

– emergent” design;

context-bound;

– subjective

QUANTITATIVE

– deductive analysis

• from general case

(theory”) to specific

situations.

 QUALITATIVE

– inductive analysis

• from specific situation

to general case.

QUANTITATIVE

– Numerical data

– Statistics

– Formal and scientific

 QUALITATIVE

– Narrative description

– Words, quotes

– Personal voice; literary

Which approach to educational

research (or social sciences)

should you use?

There is an objective

reality that can be

measured?

– If so, use Quantitative

research.

 There are multiple,

constructed realities

that defy easy

measurement or

categorization?

– If so, use Qualitative

research?